PostgreSQL 15 版本正在开发中,不远的将来就会与大家见面,所以是时候看看未来的一些新功能吧!
1.删除public 模式的创建权限
直到今天,使用 PostgreSQL 14,每个人都可以默认写入public 模式。使用 PostgreSQL 15,这将不再可能。
public 模式现在由“pg_database_owner”拥有。让我们做一个简短的测试。
postgres=# create user PGer;
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
PGer | | {}
postgres=# \c postgres PGer
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "PGer".
postgres=> create table PGCCC (a int);
ERROR: permission denied for schema public
LINE 1: create table PGCCC (a int);
^
postgres=
如果您希望能够再次写入public模式,必须再次明确授予权限。
2.扩展pg_basebackup压缩
pg_basebackup 有一些扩展。特别是压缩得到改善。首先,–compress 现在能够接受一种压缩方法和一个(可选的)压缩级别,例如 gzip:9。
此外 –compress 接受 client-gzip 和 server-gzip 作为压缩方法来定义压缩备份的位置。另一个优点是压缩现在也可以与 –format=p 一起使用。
这使您有机会在服务器端压缩 pg_basebackup 并在客户端自动再次提取它。特别是对于慢速网络连接,这可能是一个好处。
让我们看一下新的 –compress 语法。
postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] pg_basebackup --help | grep -A 1 compress
-z, --gzip compress tar output
-Z, --compress=[{client|server}-]METHOD[:DETAIL]
compress on client or server as specified
-Z, --compress=none do not compress tar output
要创建备份,它现在看起来像这样。非常简单易用。
postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] pg_basebackup -h localhost -p 5438 -Ft --compress=client-gzip:9 --pgdata=/u99/backup2/ -Xs
postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] ll
total 3136
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 136487 Mar 25 13:40 backup_manifest
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 3050084 Mar 25 13:40 base.tar.gz
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 17649 Mar 25 13:40 pg_wal.tar.gz
postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15]
或者使用 lz4(可用于客户端或服务器端压缩):
postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] pg_basebackup -h localhost -p 5438 -Ft --compress=lz4:9 --pgdata=/u99/backup2/ -Xs
postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] ll
total 20096
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 136487 Mar 25 13:18 backup_manifest
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 3657232 Mar 25 13:18 base.tar.lz4
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 16779264 Mar 25 13:18 pg_wal.tar
3.新角色:pg_checkpointer
在 PostgreSQL 14 之前,只允许超级用户执行 CHECKPOINT 命令。从 PostgreSQL 15 开始,有一个名为 pg_checkpointer 的新角色。一旦您将该角色授予用户,它就能够执行 CHECKPOINT 命令。
postgres=# create user PGer;
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# \c postgres PGer
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "PGer".
postgres=> checkpoint;
ERROR: must be superuser or have privileges of pg_checkpointer to do CHECKPOINT
postgres=> \c postgres postgres
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "postgres".
postgres=# grant pg_checkpointer to PGer;
GRANT ROLE
postgres=# \c postgres PGer
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "PGer".
postgres=> checkpoint;
CHECKPOINT
postgres=>
4.合并命令
MERGE 让您有机会在常规表和分区表等中执行一个插入/更新/删除行的 SQL 语句。如果将其用作单个 SQL 命令,则会有一些开销,因为您需要大量的 WHEN / THEN 表达式。
让我们用一个简单的例子来看看这个新特性,两个表相似,但其中一个表还有更多条目。
dvdrental=# select * from PGccc;
category_id | name | last_update
-------------+-------------+---------------------
1 | Action | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
2 | Animation | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
3 | Children | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
4 | Classics | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
5 | Comedy | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
6 | Documentary | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
7 | Drama | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
8 | Family | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
9 | Foreign | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
10 | Games | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
11 | Horror | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
12 | Music | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
13 | New | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
14 | Sci-Fi | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
15 | Sports | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
16 | Travel | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
(16 rows)
dvdrental=# select * from PGccc_new;
category_id | name | last_update
-------------+-------------+----------------------------
1 | Action | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
2 | Animation | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
3 | Children | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
4 | Classics | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
5 | Comedy | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
6 | Documentary | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
7 | Drama | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
8 | Family | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
9 | Foreign | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
10 | Games | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
11 | Horror | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
12 | Music | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
13 | Biography | 2022-04-12 11:53:34.986878
14 | Sci-Fi | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
15 | Sports | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
16 | Travel | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
17 | Dramedy | 2022-04-12 11:48:49.559058
18 | Love | 2022-04-12 11:49:32.072536
(17 rows)
dvdrental=# MERGE INTO PGccc AS c
USING PGccc_new AS n
ON c.category_id = n.category_id
WHEN MATCHED AND c.name = n.name THEN
DO NOTHING
WHEN MATCHED AND c.name n.name THEN
UPDATE SET name=n.name
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES (n.category_id, n.name, n.last_update)
;
MERGE 17
dvdrental=#
完成 MERGE 命令后,再次选择原始表,查看它是否按计划添加和更新了所有内容:
dvdrental=# select * from PGccc order by 1;
category_id | name | last_update
-------------+-------------+----------------------------
1 | Action | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
2 | Animation | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
3 | Children | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
4 | Classics | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
5 | Comedy | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
6 | Documentary | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
7 | Drama | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
8 | Family | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
9 | Foreign | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
10 | Games | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
11 | Horror | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
12 | Music | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
13 | Biography | 2022-04-12 13:42:26.187381
14 | Sci-Fi | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
15 | Sports | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
16 | Travel | 2006-02-15 09:46:27
17 | Dramedy | 2022-04-12 11:48:49.559058
18 | Love | 2022-04-12 11:49:32.072536
(18 rows)
Merge 不支持外部表或可更新视图。如果需要的话,也许这会在以后出现。但目前还没有计划。
5.结论
这些只是 PostgreSQL 版本 15 附带的一些新功能。还有更多新功能要跟进。尤其是在复制方面,还有很多需要检查的地方,而且在安全性的情况下,PostgreSQL 会随着每个新版本的发布而改进。
原文链接:
https://blog.dbi-services.com/postgresql-15-some-new-features/
PG考试相关详情:http://www.pgccc.com.cn/
责任编辑:Rex_08