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PostgreSQL 15:新特性预告!

PostgreSQL 15 版本正在开发中,不远的将来就会与大家见面,所以是时候看看未来的一些新功能吧!

1.删除public 模式的创建权限

直到今天,使用 PostgreSQL 14,每个人都可以默认写入public 模式。使用 PostgreSQL 15,这将不再可能。

public 模式现在由“pg_database_owner”拥有。让我们做一个简短的测试。

postgres=# create user PGer;

CREATE ROLE

postgres=# \du

List of roles

Role name | Attributes | Member of

-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------

postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}

PGer | | {}

postgres=# \c postgres PGer

You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "PGer".

postgres=> create table PGCCC (a int);

ERROR: permission denied for schema public

LINE 1: create table PGCCC (a int);

^

postgres=

如果您希望能够再次写入public模式,必须再次明确授予权限。

2.扩展pg_basebackup压缩

pg_basebackup 有一些扩展。特别是压缩得到改善。首先,–compress 现在能够接受一种压缩方法和一个(可选的)压缩级别,例如 gzip:9。

此外 –compress 接受 client-gzip 和 server-gzip 作为压缩方法来定义压缩备份的位置。另一个优点是压缩现在也可以与 –format=p 一起使用。

这使您有机会在服务器端压缩 pg_basebackup 并在客户端自动再次提取它。特别是对于慢速网络连接,这可能是一个好处。

让我们看一下新的 –compress 语法。

postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] pg_basebackup --help | grep -A 1 compress

-z, --gzip compress tar output

-Z, --compress=[{client|server}-]METHOD[:DETAIL]

compress on client or server as specified

-Z, --compress=none do not compress tar output

要创建备份,它现在看起来像这样。非常简单易用。

postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] pg_basebackup -h localhost -p 5438 -Ft --compress=client-gzip:9 --pgdata=/u99/backup2/ -Xs

postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] ll

total 3136

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 136487 Mar 25 13:40 backup_manifest

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 3050084 Mar 25 13:40 base.tar.gz

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 17649 Mar 25 13:40 pg_wal.tar.gz

postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15]

或者使用 lz4(可用于客户端或服务器端压缩):

postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] pg_basebackup -h localhost -p 5438 -Ft --compress=lz4:9 --pgdata=/u99/backup2/ -Xs

postgres@pgdebian:/u99/backup2/ [PG15] ll

total 20096

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 136487 Mar 25 13:18 backup_manifest

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 3657232 Mar 25 13:18 base.tar.lz4

-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 16779264 Mar 25 13:18 pg_wal.tar

3.新角色:pg_checkpointer

在 PostgreSQL 14 之前,只允许超级用户执行 CHECKPOINT 命令。从 PostgreSQL 15 开始,有一个名为 pg_checkpointer 的新角色。一旦您将该角色授予用户,它就能够执行 CHECKPOINT 命令。

postgres=# create user PGer;

CREATE ROLE

postgres=# \c postgres PGer

You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "PGer".

postgres=> checkpoint;

ERROR: must be superuser or have privileges of pg_checkpointer to do CHECKPOINT

postgres=> \c postgres postgres

You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "postgres".

postgres=# grant pg_checkpointer to PGer;

GRANT ROLE

postgres=# \c postgres PGer

You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "PGer".

postgres=> checkpoint;

CHECKPOINT

postgres=>

4.合并命令

MERGE 让您有机会在常规表和分区表等中执行一个插入/更新/删除行的 SQL 语句。如果将其用作单个 SQL 命令,则会有一些开销,因为您需要大量的 WHEN / THEN 表达式。

让我们用一个简单的例子来看看这个新特性,两个表相似,但其中一个表还有更多条目。

dvdrental=# select * from PGccc;

category_id | name | last_update

-------------+-------------+---------------------

1 | Action | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

2 | Animation | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

3 | Children | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

4 | Classics | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

5 | Comedy | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

6 | Documentary | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

7 | Drama | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

8 | Family | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

9 | Foreign | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

10 | Games | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

11 | Horror | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

12 | Music | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

13 | New | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

14 | Sci-Fi | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

15 | Sports | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

16 | Travel | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

(16 rows)

dvdrental=# select * from PGccc_new;

category_id | name | last_update

-------------+-------------+----------------------------

1 | Action | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

2 | Animation | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

3 | Children | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

4 | Classics | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

5 | Comedy | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

6 | Documentary | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

7 | Drama | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

8 | Family | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

9 | Foreign | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

10 | Games | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

11 | Horror | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

12 | Music | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

13 | Biography | 2022-04-12 11:53:34.986878

14 | Sci-Fi | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

15 | Sports | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

16 | Travel | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

17 | Dramedy | 2022-04-12 11:48:49.559058

18 | Love | 2022-04-12 11:49:32.072536

(17 rows)

dvdrental=# MERGE INTO PGccc AS c

USING PGccc_new AS n

ON c.category_id = n.category_id

WHEN MATCHED AND c.name = n.name THEN

DO NOTHING

WHEN MATCHED AND c.name n.name THEN

UPDATE SET name=n.name

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT VALUES (n.category_id, n.name, n.last_update)

;

MERGE 17

dvdrental=#

完成 MERGE 命令后,再次选择原始表,查看它是否按计划添加和更新了所有内容:

dvdrental=# select * from PGccc order by 1;

category_id | name | last_update

-------------+-------------+----------------------------

1 | Action | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

2 | Animation | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

3 | Children | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

4 | Classics | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

5 | Comedy | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

6 | Documentary | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

7 | Drama | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

8 | Family | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

9 | Foreign | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

10 | Games | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

11 | Horror | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

12 | Music | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

13 | Biography | 2022-04-12 13:42:26.187381

14 | Sci-Fi | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

15 | Sports | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

16 | Travel | 2006-02-15 09:46:27

17 | Dramedy | 2022-04-12 11:48:49.559058

18 | Love | 2022-04-12 11:49:32.072536

(18 rows)

Merge 不支持外部表或可更新视图。如果需要的话,也许这会在以后出现。但目前还没有计划。

5.结论

这些只是 PostgreSQL 版本 15 附带的一些新功能。还有更多新功能要跟进。尤其是在复制方面,还有很多需要检查的地方,而且在安全性的情况下,PostgreSQL 会随着每个新版本的发布而改进。

原文链接:

https://blog.dbi-services.com/postgresql-15-some-new-features/

PG考试相关详情:http://www.pgccc.com.cn/

责任编辑:Rex_08

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